1 Overview
Plant Factory PF (Plant Factory) is the product of industrialization of agricultural planting. It is the development direction of vegetable cultivation in the 21st century. It marks the advanced stage of the development of facility agriculture and is the most valuable new industry in the next 10 years. The establishment of plant factories for the purpose of producing vegetables in the city has become a new field of competition for development in all countries of the world.
The main feature of the plant factory is to break the traditional vegetable production mode, achieve high-efficiency planting by artificial control of plant photosynthesis, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, nutrient solution, etc., and achieve order production. The vegetable production cycle will not be due to weather and other reasons. Change, the vegetables produced are truly safe vegetables, hydroponic method (ie soilless cultivation) is the main means of plant factories, the shelf structure is the main form, with the artificial radiation source of plants based on LED technology (PARS) The application cost is further reduced, and the plant factory will usher in the golden period of development.
The main reasons why plant factories have become hot spots for investment are:
1) The planting environment is deteriorating, food safety, and medical expenses are increasing, and the safety requirements for vegetables are increasing.
2) Uncertainty in global climate change has increased, and water resources reduction and land desertification have made traditional agriculture difficult.
3) The urban population brought about by the urbanization process has increased, the supply of vegetables has increased, and the land resources have been decreasing.
4) The environmental burden caused by traditional agricultural production is increasing.
5) The logistics cost of urban vegetable supply increased, and the price of urban vegetables increased, providing a profitable product space.
6) The use of pesticides and insecticides in vegetable cultivation for the pursuit of production has increased vegetable contamination concerns.
7) The problem of heavy metal pollution of land and industrial pollution of watering is prominent.
8) The application scale of clean energy such as solar energy and wind energy is expanding, and geothermal application technology is gradually applied.
9) The application cost of LED technology is reduced, and multi-band light quality applications.
2, plant factory definition
Definition of plant factory: The plant factory is a closed clean production environment that adopts the artificial planting environment to realize the annual fixed-cycle mass production, realize the cycle order production, and stably provide pollution-free vegetables. In this environment, photosynthesis (light quality, light quantity, photoperiod), temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, culture fluid composition, production process, etc. of plants can be effectively controlled by computers and sensors, based on science and independent. New agricultural production with experience and intuition.
Advantages of plant factories:
1) The product is produced according to the order, and the production cycle and output can be stabilized.
2) Plant artificial radiation source and temperature control system are adopted, which are not affected by regional climatic conditions.
3) Closed three-dimensional planting, saving land resources and preventing pollution.
4) The production cycle is short, the annual output is high, and the annual output is 4 to 8 times that of open planting.
5) Really safe and safe vegetables can be made.
6) Production personnel are produced according to the program specifications, and no professional technology is required.
7) The factory is set up in a shopping area or industrial park within the city to reduce supply logistics costs.
Plant factory classification:
1) According to photosynthesis, there are two types: complete artificial radiation and complementary solar and artificial radiation.
2) According to the planting structure, it is divided into plane planting and three-dimensional planting.
3) According to the planting method, it is divided into soil cultivation, hydroponic cultivation and foggy cultivation.
4) According to planting scale, it is divided into small plant factories (less than 800 square meters) and large plant factories (greater than 1000 square meters).
Most of the plant factories use a three-dimensional hydroponic method.
3, plant factory and artificial light source
The plant factory is closely related to the technological development of artificial light sources. The concept of the plant factory is developed on the basis of artificial light sources. The earliest planting using artificial light sources is carried out in the greenhouse, and the theoretical basis is the research results of plant photosynthesis. In the visible range of sunlight (wavelength range: 380nm-735nm), the physical principle of sunlight is the same as that of artificial light source, but the spectral shape of the two is different. The artificial light source can completely replace the sunlight to realize plant indoor planting. Artificial light sources such as incandescent lamps, HIDs, and fluorescent lamps have been widely used in greenhouse cultivation. The difference between different artificial light sources in plant cultivation is that the utilization efficiency of electric energy is different, and the improvement of power utilization efficiency directly leads to the decline of planting costs. The early artificial light source could not be effectively adjusted in the absorption spectrum of plant photosynthesis, the absorption rate of plants was low, and the utilization efficiency of electric energy could not be further improved.
Human technological progress has always been accompanied by the improvement of energy efficiency. In the early 1990s, blue light LED (light-emitting diode) chip manufacturing technology was mass-produced, LED lighting was rapidly developed, LED The light source has revolutionized the artificial light source and has become the main light source of the lighting industry. The most important feature of LED lighting becoming a new generation of light source is energy conservation and environmental protection. The development of LED technology has brought new progress to the artificial light source planted in agriculture. LED technology is not only in The efficiency of electric energy utilization is improved, and the absorption spectrum control of plant photosynthesis is unmatched by other light sources. LED technology has become the best choice in plant cultivation.
The most amazing phenomenon of our planet is created by plants. Plants are the only creatures on earth that can convert the radiant energy of the visible part of the sun into organic matter. Without the photosynthesis of plants, there will be no animals or humans on the earth. Photosynthesis is the basis of other life that depends on organic matter. Studies on plant photosynthesis show that plants absorb different wavelengths of sunlight. The photosynthesis of plants mainly depends on the two parts of blue light and red light. When artificial light source is used instead of sunlight, the best artificial light source can be followed. The absorption spectrum configuration of plants, at present, only LED can do this, because the LED light source itself can only emit a single wavelength of light, the LED light source can be artificially controlled within the wavelength range of 380nm to 735nm, while other light sources can hardly be achieved. . Therefore, LED as the artificial light source for plant photosynthesis is the most effective and energy-saving. The LED technology is superior to other artificial light sources in controlling the photosynthesis, light quantity and photoperiod of plant photosynthesis.
4. The core technology of the plant factory
1) The photosynthesis of plants is essentially a biochemical reaction to photons of solar radiation. The photosynthesis of plants is produced by photons emitted by the sun. Therefore, we refer to the artificial light source used for planting as the artificial source of plant radiation ( Plant Artificial radiation sources, referred to as PARS, if the photosynthesis of plants is calibrated using the parameters of lumens and illumination under the concept of “illumination”, the application of the LED plant artificial radiation source wavelength range is within the range of solar radiation, to the plant and human body. It is safe.
2) Temperature and humidity control also play a key role in plant factories. Plant factories must achieve a production cycle with a minimum production cycle and a fixed lead time. The temperature and humidity control of the production environment can ensure that the plants are at the optimum temperature. The rapid growth of the environment, temperature control in plant factories is also a major indicator of energy consumption in plant factories.
3) Plant plants generally adopt hydroponics or fog culture. The substrates of these two methods are nutrient solution. The automatic control of the composition index of nutrient solution is also the main means to ensure the minimum cycle production of plant plants. It mainly includes: liquid temperature, EC, ph, dissolved oxygen and supplementation of nutrient solution components, and circulation of nutrient solution.
4) The photosynthesis of plants absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. The control of carbon dioxide concentration in the environment of plant growth is also one of the conditions for ensuring the rapid growth of plants. In the environmental control system of plant factories, carbon dioxide concentration control devices are installed. Oxygen produced by plant photosynthesis also needs to be discharged by filtration ventilation. The air filter unit is also effective in preventing the invasion of germs. In plant factories, crops are almost free of pests and diseases.
5) The data detection and transmission of plant factories adopt wireless network. The data such as environmental detection and nutrient solution detection need network technology support. The network characteristics of plant factories are various electronic devices with short distance, low power consumption and low transmission rate. Data transmission is typical of periodic data, intermittent data and low-reaction time data transmission. Various sensors and controllers mostly use two-way wireless communication technology with simple control, short distance, low power consumption and low speed.
5, three-dimensional planting is the characteristics of plant factories
In the plant factory, the shelf-type three-dimensional planting is another means of efficient planting. Compared with the plane planting, the three-dimensional planting has a utilization rate of 4-8 times, and the management efficiency of the three-dimensional planting is much higher than that of the plane planting, automation. Farming is easy to achieve, and three-dimensional planting introduces plant factories into miniaturization. A small plant plant of several hundred square meters will be the main source of future urban vegetable supply.
6. Food safety is the purpose of the plant factory
The food safety issue is the main purpose of the plant factory concept. The product safety of the plant factory is the most secure. The plant factory is completely controllable for various food safety indicators. The production environment of the plant factory is relatively closed, and the air exchange inside and outside. Filtration is required to basically prevent the invasion of virus pests. Plant plants use hydroponics or mist culture. The detection and control of the water quality and harmful components of nutrient solution are automated, and heavy metals cannot be found in plant products. Plant plants do not need pesticides and auxin. At the same time, planting equipment used in plant factories uses antimicrobial materials. Plant seeds are sterilized. Microorganisms in the entire production system are thousands of times lower than traditional vegetable cultivation. Vegetables produced by plant factories. It can be used without pesticides, heavy metals, low nitrates and low biological bacteria. Vegetables produced by plant factories can be directly eaten. Through the adjustment of light quality and light quantity, the nutrition and taste of vegetables can be improved. The vegetables of plant factories are global. The safest vegetables.
The vegetables produced in the plant factory meet the requirements of safe vegetable production throughout the production process, and the products produced are healthy foods. The products of the plant factories are marked with no pesticides and become the symbol of safe vegetables.
7, plant factory production process
In the plant factory, the growth environment of the plant is designed to be optimal, the growth cycle of the plant is basically fixed, the production process of the plant factory can be repeated, the workers do not need to know the planting knowledge and planting experience, and only need to work according to the planting process. Realize the industrialized production mode of agricultural products and form order-based repetitive production.
8, small plant factory
The shortcomings of plant factories are that the initial investment is large, the planting varieties are relatively small, the demand for electricity is large, and the planting cost is relatively high. Plant factories are calculated at almost every square meter of cost. For large-scale plant factories, without the support of government funds, enterprises or individuals can't afford it; therefore, plant factories have begun to develop toward miniaturization, investment in small plant factories. Small, effective, and gradually become the development direction of plant factories.
The picture above is a small plant factory, covering an area of 200-500 square meters. Due to the small planting space, relatively small investment, high efficiency of temperature regulation, automation equipment can also be simplified, such as automation equipment can also be changed to manual control. The testing equipment can also change the wireless data transmission to manual inspection. It does not require automatic seeding equipment and automatic transmission and picking equipment. This small plant can also complete the design goal of the plant factory. Small plant factories can realize large-scale operation in a chain mode. .
In the plant factory, the use of plant artificial radiation source, temperature and humidity and carbon dioxide regulation, nutrient fluid index control, the ultimate goal is to achieve the minimum cycle of vegetable production, and is not affected by the external climate of the cycle of production, usually The planting cycle of vegetables produced in plant factories is 2-4 times faster than that of outdoor planting, and the production cycle is fixed. On a plot of land per square meter, the ratio of three-dimensional planting yield to flat planting yield is 4-8 times. The annual production is basically calculated, and the fixed-yield safety vegetables are expected to be relatively accurate in marketing, which provides investors with a reliable value assessment.
9, plant factory case
The plant's functional equipment is a mature technical equipment, not a new scientific research project. The plant factory is a combination of various technologies for efficient planting. The plant artificial radiation source (PARS) is the main core technology of the plant factory, and it is safe to produce. Vegetables are the main direction. With the application cost of LED technology reduced, plant factories will become indispensable functional facilities for urban life.
Here are some examples of plant factories
10. Plant factory is a technology fusion of various disciplines
The plant factory integrates technology from a variety of disciplines. These technologies are mature application technologies. The combination of these technologies fundamentally changes the concept of agricultural planting, is an innovative agricultural planting method, and is a way for agricultural planting to achieve industrial production. Only plants The factory can produce pollution-free vegetables in a stable and long-term manner. The multidisciplinary technology integration of plant factories is the best environment for plant growth. The production technology of plant factories is based on science and is independent of experience and intuition. Providing new options for investors with industrial production and management experience, agricultural planting has been promoted to manufacturing through plant factories.
11. Enlightenment brought by plant factories
1) From the technical point of view, the plant factory is an advanced stage of the advancement of facility agriculture technology. In fact, the plant factory develops rapidly and deeper because of environmental pollution and food safety problems. Environmental pollution is the biggest driving plant factory. Motivation, the future environmental governance can only gradually reduce the degree of environmental pollution. Even if the pollution source is eliminated, the pollution degradation caused by it will take decades or even hundreds of years. Moreover, some pollution is irreversible, and these pollutions are not only industrial. A considerable part of the pollution is caused by a large amount of pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The reduction of production caused by pollution and the lengthening of the planting cycle have further stimulated the release of more fertilizers and pesticides, pushing up the cost of traditional agricultural cultivation, forming a vicious circle and facing the environment. For the impact on human health, human beings must find an efficient way to solve food safety problems. This is the internal reason why plant factories have developed rapidly in recent years.
2) From the perspective of the application status of plant factories in foreign countries in the past few years, it is a very interesting phenomenon that the first industrial plants are involved in large-scale industrial enterprises rather than agricultural producers, and the electronics industry enterprises are more interested in plant factories. This is in line with the electronics industry itself, which has a dust-free purification production workshop. Its maintenance and management is more familiar. The plant factory model is in line with the management capabilities and resource advantages of these enterprises; many industrial enterprises have seen industrial manufacturing. As the market profit space becomes smaller, companies must look for new development opportunities. In the future, some agricultural production will bring higher returns than industrial investment. Some enterprises are equipment manufacturers in plant factories, and the technical management required for plant factories. Conditions are already in place; management experience and electronic technology capabilities are particularly important in plant factories.
3) In some countries, the government's advocacy and support for environmental protection and public food safety has increased. The government's support for plant factories has even reached more than 40%. The participation of various funds has turned plant factories into investment hotspots. Protection and public food safety is a long-term goal of governments in the future. The investment environment is promising for a long time. The products produced by plant factories are recognized in the market. They are recognized as safe vegetables without chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and their market share is increasing.
4) The government's support for the agricultural industry is also increasing, especially for food safety issues. The plant factory project will receive government support funds. From the perspective of government policy, agriculture is China's industrial industry. After the development, there is another new development opportunity. From the perspective of price trends, the prices of industrial products are gradually decreasing, while the prices of agricultural products are gradually increasing. At the same time, the public’s demand for pollution-free vegetables is increasing, and the market profit of products Space has already begun, and the market profitability of products can ultimately determine the driving force for plant factories in China.
5) Plant factory is another large field of LED technology application. Conservative data analysis is carried out in large and medium-sized cities. The LED lighting power required for per capita indoor lighting in large and medium-sized cities is about 2 watts per square meter. If these cities have a population of 4 % of people consume plant products, the total amount of LEDs needed by plant factories is close to the total amount of indoor lighting LEDs. I believe that the total amount of LED applications needed for plant planting in the future will exceed the total amount of LED lighting in urban areas. This huge amount of LED applications The market has also made companies such as Philips, Osram, Panasonic, Sharp and so on, this is worthy of the idea of LED lighting companies and LED packaging companies in China.
6) Compared with LED lighting products in China, the design and manufacture of LED plant artificial radiation sources requires stronger professional technical capabilities. At present, the professional capabilities of the products provided by the manufacturers of such products cannot meet the requirements of planting technology, many All of them use the concept of lighting as the nominal product parameters. In addition, there is no professional plant factory supplier in China. These factors affect the development of plant factories and need to be paid attention to.
7) Compared with plant factory investment, the concept of plant plant in greenhouse and greenhouse application will achieve twice the result with half the effort. The seedlings in the artificial environment set in greenhouses and greenhouses may become a new hot spot for agricultural planting. From our experimental results In view of the fact that the seedling production method of the plant factory production concept is small, the seedling effect is good, the seedling period is short, and the dry matter quality at the seedling stage is obviously higher than that of the ordinary seedling, which is worthy of promotion.
8) The hybrid type of plant factory (the complementary mode of solar and artificial radiation) is also a model with promotion value. The hybrid plant factory has low investment cost in the early stage, and the planting cost can be accepted by the market. The hybrid plant can accelerate the planting cycle. In order to increase the profitability of enterprises with greenhouse greenhouse planting equipment, it is a plant factory model with operability at this stage.
9) Through the control of nutrient solution components for vegetable cultivation, plant factories can produce low-potassium vegetables. Low-potassium vegetables can be provided to diabetics. The incidence of diabetes in China is as high as 11%. It is a large country with diabetes, and low-potassium vegetables are attractive. The market prospects for the production of special medical vegetables may become a market highlight for plant factories.
10) The application of solar energy and wind energy can effectively reduce the planting cost of plant factories. China is a big country in the manufacture of solar photovoltaic products. It has inherent advantages. The rational and effective use of solar energy and wind energy is one of the means to accelerate the development of plant factories. Solar energy and wind energy The application of the power supply system is also in line with the government's support policy. In addition, the geothermal cycle application can also provide effective measures for plant factories to reduce costs. The utilization of natural energy is the direction of plant factory development.
Conclusion: Plant factory is an advanced stage of facility agriculture development. It is an industry driven by environmental factors and food safety factors. It is an important field for the application of LED industry. It has huge market space. The agricultural industry is the most valuable investment value in China in the next 10 years. Industry.
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